India

It's hard to stay out of the way of India. It’s been the fastest-growing economy for the past decade and is the fifth largest globally¹, behind only the U.S., China, Germany and Japan. The biggest muscle in India’s economy, we would argue, is its domestic market which is powered by a working population that represent two thirds of India’s overall population which is itself the biggest in the world.

The performance of India’s stock markets reflects its economic growth. Indian equities have been the best performing market for the past three years, and over five and 10 years they have been on the coat tails of U.S. equities. Over all three periods, India’s equity market has outperformed China and emerging markets generally, and its market capitalization is the fourth-biggest in the world¹. 

To understand India’s economic growth and gauge perspective on how sustainable it may be, we need to look at the forces behind it. In our view, India is being propelled by robust demand and robust supply—and at a scale that is unique among major international markets.

Drivers of change

Until relatively recently, India’s economy was powered largely by consumption in the form of demand for basic consumer staples, and by agriculture and industries ranging from health care to outsourcing and professional services, like IT, legal, accounting and consulting. This posture provided little scope for India to develop its own manufacturing and industrial capability; regulation and red tape were added disincentives. The bottom line for investors was that India couldn’t be ignored but at the same time its long-term growth path was hard to predict. That’s changed. Over the past decade, India’s consumption and production engines have been transitioning and expanding. The forces of demand have been strengthened by big increases in government spending, particularly on infrastructure. Over the past 10 years, the government has spent around US$800 billion on bridges, roads and rail and other construction projects, averaging around 3.6% of GDP¹, and under Prime Minister Modi—provided he is re-elected this year—that cadence looks likely to continue.

“Public spending and the government’s pro-business reforms have lit a fuse under India’s entrepreneurial culture and are driving a domestic growth agenda.”

This infrastructural program has led to heavy investing in fixed capital goods like factories, equipment and manufacturing. And as more wealth has been generated in the domestic economy, there has been a trickle-down of higher disposable income among parts of India’s working population which has led to more demand for higher value consumer goods and big-ticket items like autos. This trickle-down is only at the beginning. We believe the impact of infrastructural and other spending will lead to a long term and broad pickup in domestic consumption across the economy. Exports have also increased, by around 35% over 10 years through 2022¹, supported by demand for pharmaceuticals, materials and industrial engineering goods like rail rolling stock.

Domestic Hubs

Some Key Areas of Manufacturing, Renewable Energy and Technology Activity in India

Over the same period, the forces of supply have gathered strength. India’s manufacturing capability has been boosted by government reforms like tax cuts, incentives associated with its “Make in India” policy, and ongoing changes to housing, land and labor laws. There have also been changes in monetary policy with the aim of maintaining price stability; a pledge to reduce the fiscal deficit and make public spending more efficient; and the digitalization of India’s data infrastructure. All have made doing business in India easier and aided its expansion.

This pro-business platform has led to increased corporate capital expenditure and rapid expansion in areas including materials, industrials and manufacturing, like aerospace and electronics. It has also successfully encouraged foreign investment. Multinational companies, like engineering firms ABB and Siemens, Apple and semiconductor makers Micron Technology and Renesas Electronics, are setting up operations in India to manufacture their goods and to sell into India’s domestic market.

India plus zero

Some observers have attributed a large element of India’s recent growth to the challenges of China which have undoubtedly encouraged companies with operations in China to leave and move to more benign business environments. We would argue that India’s increasing appeal to overseas investors is a side effect of its domestic growth agenda rather than a manifestation of overseas China Plus One strategies. Foreign companies are attracted by India’s skilled labor force, which is cheaper than China’s, and the opportunities that its expanding manufacturing and consumer base provide. So while some companies have moved operations to India because of geopolitical concerns in China, in many instances, India’s strengths have been the stronger pulls.

“India is not China and its associated political tensions and it’s not South Korea and its associated cyclical dependency on the U.S. tech supply chain.”

One thing is certain, in our view, India today is a much bigger and more-rounded economy than it has ever been. Public spending and the government’s pro-business reforms have together, we believe, lit a fuse under India’s renowned entrepreneurial culture and are driving the domestic economic agenda and, importantly, helping to shift India’s destiny into its own hands.

The active approach and being selective 

Understanding these high level drivers in India’s economy is key to helping investors identify areas of long-term sustainable growth. We also believe that India is not a thematic, cyclical market. If we try to focus on a potential sub-trend or an industry without seeing the bigger direction of economic travel in India, we risk overlooking the companies that are best positioned to grow in this environment.

For us, India is a structural growth story and the earnings of its companies are strongly tied to economic growth. Of course, growth comes with a price. By and large, Indian equites are expensive, particularly in sectors like consumer staples, and in the mid- and small-cap markets where increased volatility is encouraging us to lean more to the greater predictability of the large-cap market. For the past 10 years, India’s earnings multiples have on average been at a 57% premium to emerging markets.¹

To get the most from India, we have to be selective. We look in the areas where we have confidence, for example, in the companies and industries at the tip of the structural momentum in India like industrials and manufacturing. We look for quality, at fundamentals: profit growth, the cash flow, business models. Then we look at the price and we endeavor to keep a close relation between earnings projections and earnings multiples.

These variables come into play in different ways depending on the company and the sector. For example, for a young company with growth potential we’d put a larger focus on its cash flow and business model; in contrast, for an established business we look more at payout ratios and efficiencies, as well as profitability.

It’s also worth pointing out that, while many valuations are at elevated levels, the positive is the economic growth underpinning India’s equity markets. If we sell a holding because we believe its growth potential is too out of line with its valuation we know there are other growth opportunities in the market with better pricing. This illustrates what we believe to be the edge that active investing has over passive investing, or “set-and-forget” portfolios, in India and in emerging markets generally.

The opportunity ahead

So what kind of market growth and investment returns might we expect going forward? The NIFTY 50, which tracks India’s biggest public companies by market capitalization, delivered an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14% over the last decade even though it was only in the last three years that earnings growth was robust². If earnings growth surprises positively this year and next, we believe market returns could be higher with possibility of multiples even getting re-rated.

“We have to be selective. We look for quality, at fundamentals like profit growth, cash flow and business model. Then we look at the price and we seek a close relation between earnings projections and earnings multiples.”

While the prospects are promising we would stress that India is in a very different place to where it was even five years ago and its journey is evolving. Following an index may have been a good strategy in the past but we don’t necessarily think that all boats will continue to rise on a sustainable basis. India’s equity benchmarks, in our view, increasingly reflect the “older India” as we call it, one that was more rooted in commodities and consumer staples. Some of these companies, particularly in the consumer staples sector, have elevated valuations in spite of their low growth potential. In contrast, newer areas of growth, like industrials and manufacturing, are under represented by benchmarks, we believe. As active managers, we can give these sectors a greater focus in our portfolios while still being cognizant to those companies and sectors generally which are benefiting from India’s structural growth, like financials and health care and utilities.

“Older India is increasingly reflected in passive benchmarks. As active managers we believe more exposure to new India sectors will underpin long-term returns.”

Sources: ¹CLSA, as of Feb. 27, 2024; ²Bloomberg, as of March 17, 2024

Notes: The information on the security mentioned above is presented solely for illustrative purposes and is not representative of the results of any particular security or product.